Cultural phenomenon in African-American History from the Colonial Era Essay

Cultural phenomenon in African-American History from the Colonial Era to Reconstruction - Essay Example Her sisters were sold away from the family. Her mother held the rest of the family together with a determined resistance which was an inspiration to her daughter. Ben was freed from slavery at the age of forty-five, but continued to work as a foreman for his former owners. The family was helpless to fight for the freedom which his wife and children were later entitled to. (Biography.com). The young Harriet’s childhood was marked by harsh conditions: she inserted her toes into the smoldering ashes of a fire at night, in order to avoid frostbite. She received severe whippings even as a small child, working at various jobs, including weaving, housekeeping and baby-sitting, by the age of six. At the age of 12, she was seriously injured by a blow to the head, inflicted by a white overseer for refusing to help him tie up a runaway slave. This injury continued to be the source of life-long seizures, severe headaches and narcoleptic episodes. In 1844, at the age of 25, Harriet married John Tubman, a free Black man, who did not share her dreams of escaping to freedom in the North (Williams).    In 1849, Harriet’s owner died and she feared being sold to the South. This impelled her to make a bid for freedom. She was initially accompanied by her two brothers, but the men lost their courage and returned to their slave life. Guided by the North Star, penniless and friendless, Harriet hid during the day and walked across strange country by night. Her determination is seen in her words, â€Å"I had reasoned dis out in my mind; there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty, or death; if I could not have one, I would have de oder† (qtd. In Simkin). She secured aid from white abolitionists. Harriet’s escape bid included being covered in a sack and carried in a wagon, using a succession of ‘safe houses’ and finally crossing the Mason-Dixon line (dividing the free states of the North and the slave states of the South) to reach Phi ladelphia. In a poignant tribute to her freedom, Harriet says, â€Å"When I found I had crossed that line, I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person. There was such a glory over everything† (qtd. in Biography. Com). Harriet then embarked on the next stage of her life, which was to make her one of the most remarkable women in African-American history. Harriet took on a job in Philadelphia, worked tirelessly, and used her pay to help other blacks follow her path to freedom. She made the acquaintance of William Still, who was one to the most active ‘station masters’ of the Underground Railroad. The UGRR was the route to freedom along which slaves were transported from the South to the North. In order to maintain secrecy, the routes were called ‘lines’, the safe-houses were ‘stations,’ the slaves were ‘freight’ or ‘packages’ and the agents who guided them were the ‘conductors.’ With Stillâ₠¬â„¢s help, and that of the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society, Harriet became an official ‘conductor’ of the UGRR. When the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made the North dangerous for runaway slaves, who faced the threat of recapture and return to their former masters, the UGRR made Canada the destination of the people it guided. In 1851, Tubman moved to St. Catharines in Canada and used the city as the base for her activities.

Bibliography of Famous Authors Essay Example for Free

Bibliography of Famous Authors Essay In this article by Robert Scholes, it talks about the hope and memory in My Antonia. He says the characters find themselves by looking back at the past. He said â€Å"we are reminded of this past constantly: by the Bohemian customs and culinary practices of the Shimerdas; by the observations of Otto Fuch on the relationship of Austrians and Bohemians I the old country; and especially by the Catholic religion of the Bohemians, which is their strongest link with the past, and which serves to bind them together and to separate them from the protestant society of their adopted and†¦Antonia cherishes her connection with the past† it talks about the characters and their past and how it has impacted their lives. I will use this to tie back into my thesis because this is basically what my whole paper is about. My paper based on the character’s past and how it impacts them later in life. The article talks a lot of the past memories that I can use in my research paper. Lucenti, Lisa Marie. â€Å"Willa Cathers My Antonia: Haunting the Houses of Memory.† Twentieth Century   Literature 46 (2000): Literary Reference Center, Galileo. MPHS Library, 18 April 2011 (#33 a work from an online service to which your library subscribes) This article analyzes My Antonia and it’s theme of memory and how it haunts some of the characters. It talks about the story of the wolves and how its haunted Peter and Pavel and how that brings gothic to the story. It also tells why Cather included some of the memories that she did in the novel. It tells the importance of those memories to the characters. I will talk about the memories it mentions and how they are important to the story and to the characters lives. Their past is what makes them who they are and it is important to mention why they are so important to them. This article analyzes the theme and I can use some of that information to help with my argument. Meeker, Joseph W. â€Å"Willa Cather: The Plow and The Pen† Willa Cather’s Ecological Imagination. Ed. Susan Rosowski. Volume 5. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 1986. (#18 a selection from an anthropology) In this article, Meeker talks about the symbols mentioned in Cather’s novels. It talks about the plow and the landscape in My Antonia. It also talks about how some of the symbols represent the past. The article mentioned imagery throughout the novel and how the Nebraska plains had an impact on Jim. It also mentioned some of the imagery in O Pioneers! and other novels by Cather. I will use the information to help support my thesis on the symbols and theme and how it impacts the characters in the novel. In the article when it talks about the land and how it ties back to the past, I will use that to help my thesis. It has very good detail on everything represented in the novel and it will help me develop my paragraphs on symbolism. Gross, Jonathan D. â€Å"Recollecting Emotion in Tranquility: Wordsworth and Byron in Cathers My à ntonia   and Lucy Gayheart† Cather Studies 7 (2007): Literary Reference Center, Galileo. MPHS Library 18 April 2011 (#33 a work from an online service to which your library subscribes) This article compares My Antonia with novels from Wordsworth and Byron. They all share similar qualities in their writings. In this article it talks about theme and symbols in My Antonia. In both My Antonia and in â€Å"Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey†, they talk about the theme of nature and how it impacts the characters. This whole article compares My Antonia to other works by Cather, Wordsworth, and Byron. I will use the information about the theme of nature and symbols mentioned in the article. There’s not a whole lot I can use on My Antonia but it has good information about theme and symbols throughout out the novel. It talks about how Cather focused on landscape and sensitivity of the reader to relate the past. Hallgarth, Susan A. â€Å"Archetypal Patterns in Shadows on the Rock†. Colby Quarterly 24 (1988): 2-4. (#22 An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume) In this article, it talks about symbols and how they represent something in the novel. It talks about how shadows are a repeated pattern in My Antonia and how Antonia breaking away from her mother is a symbol of her going through a new beginning. It compared symbols in My Antonia to some in Death Comes for the Archbishop and how they relate to one another. In the article it says â€Å" Burdens discovery of pastness in the present allows him to see Antonia as all the ‘image’ which do not fade and herself, a ‘battered woman’ (MA, 352, 353). So I will use that in the paragraph I will have talking about how the past still reminds him of Antonia because his childhood is basically Antonia. All of his memories remind Jim of her because she is a big part in his past.

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay In 1788, Louis XVIII of France summoned the Estates-General for the first time in 175 years to solve the countrys disastrous financial problems. Jacques Necker, who had recently become finance minister and put in charge of the matter, invited writers to propose how the Estates should be organized, and hundreds of pamphlets were published. Among them was What is the Third Estate?, by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes.In this powerful work of rhetoric, Sieyes pointed out the following: What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want? To become somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The words gave hope to the weary commoners, and set off the bomb known as the French Revolution. The question we must ask ourselves here is this: what implications did the pamphlet actually have for the French Revolution? At first glance, this question appears to have very straightforward answers. The pamphlet, as a whole, serves as basic guidelines for a reform of social order. Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite are what it pursues, and the ideal society it calls for is based on these values. Sieyes dreamed of a world where it was not the laws that differentiate citizens among themselves but the assets and advantages of the individual citizens themselves.  [5]  Equal opportunities, laws to protect the common rights  [6]  of citizens, and the final neutralization of the privileged orders are what he demands.  [7]  The Third Estate, for all practical purposes, was the Nation-it held everything that was needed to form the Nation, with the exception of the clergy, which Sieyes believed to be a profession charged with a public service that had all of its offices usurped by the nobility.  [8]  These were indeed compelling arguments to the Third Estate, considering that most of them spent thei r lives in utter poverty, with no hope of redemption! What other answer could there be, other than that this pamphlet envisioned a Revolution that was carried through out of genuine care for the people? Before any more is said on the subject, it is crucial to review the society of the period. It was 1789, and the Estates-General was about to convene. The procedure of selecting the deputies representing each order was different from that of the Estates-General of 1614: the number of deputies from the Third Estate was doubled  [9]  , making their number the same as those of the First and Second Estate together, and any tax-paying male over 25 could vote for deputies of the Third Estate.  [10]  Interestingly, however, many of the elected deputies of the Third Estate were lawyers, and most others came from respected professions-unusual for the representatives of an order which was, by a vast majority, constituted by peasants.  [11]  The peasants had deemed themselves inferior and chosen the bourgeois deputies to represent them.  [12]  Sieyes became one of these newly elected deputies of the Third Estate.  [13]  Maximilien Robespierre and Jacques Danton, were two othe rs.  [14]  Soon afterwards, the Third Estate left the Estates-General to form the National Assembly.  [15]  Throughout the course of the Revolution, these three, among many others of the bourgeois, remained important figures; understanding their actions and motives will help answer the main question of this paper. These public speakers and writers continued with their enlightenment. Meanwhile, on July 14th, 1789, upon hearing news that the King had removed Necker from the position of finance minister, the people of Paris understood the Kings actions as a conspiracy to close the National Assembly, and after looking where to find weapons, they laid their eyes on Bastille, which was rumored to have a full supply of firearms and ammunition; Bastille went down that very day.  [16]  The fall of Bastille marked the start of the new social order that Sieyes had written about; the rights of citizens, were finally recognized in the August 4 decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,  [17]  and his theories of national sovereignty, popular sovereignty, and representation became, for the first time, legislation. Males were given universal suffrage; laws protecting property rights were established; no one was privileged.  [18]  19Although there were still many problems and is sues that needed to be solved, it appeared that the wishful thinking of What is the Third Estate? was coming true. This state of bliss did not last long. The constitutional monarchy proved to be a failure, and with the emergence of the National Convention, a republic was born. The National Convention was, as all assemblies that preceded it had been, far from united.  [20]  Political conflict was constant, and to add to the countrys problems, it was met with an outbreak of war with the counterrevolutionary countries of Europe, namely Prussia.  [21]  The war allowed the Committee of Public Safety, which had originally been established by the National Convention to formulat[e] policy and coordinat[e] the war effort, to rise to power, virtually acting as the executive government.  [22]  Under the control of Maximilien Robespierre,  [23]  it became the active government in the period known as the Reign of Terror.  [24]  Any person who supported the royalty, asked for more social reform, or spoke against the Terror was executed swiftly, without delays like trials.  [25]  Jacques Danton  [26]  was among those who tried to stop the Terror, and who was executed for it.  [27]  Eventually, Robespierre, in an effort to gain more power, accused fellow members of the Committee, and was beheaded, ending his life as well as the Terrors.  [28]   We could continue with the events that happened after the fall of the Terror until the end of the Revolution, but the information we have now is sufficient to answer the question. The political events that occurred between 1789-1795 have a certain pattern: the constant change of the ruling class. It is a cycle of men struggling to get their hands on power, justifying their causes as being for the people. What did the French Revolution-the title this cycle of power is given-achieve, as was stated by Sieyes in What is the Third Estate? It achieved, as stated previously, the following: universal male suffrage, laws protecting the common rights of citizens-a constitution, and a primitive form of democracy. Did it dispose of privileges? Members of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror had the power to sentence someone to death with almost no evidence at all. Surely, is this not a privilege? Sieyes might argue that such privileges in post-revolutionary society was earned, not in herited, as it had been during the Ancient Regime. However, the only difference was the law; it was just as unlikely for a peasant of 1793 to become such officials as it was for a bourgeois to be admitted to high offices in 1788. They would both be exceptions. When seen from these principles, the French Revolution brought little change to the Nation; the entire period is merely a change of the ruling, or governing, order. The privileged clergy and nobility were replaced by the tier of leaders  [29]  of the Third Estate, and members of this tier had well been expecting it: they orchestrated it! This tier of leaders of the common population-let us call it the First Tier-spent their lives being ruled by, and usurped positions by, members of the higher Estates. Sieyes was one of them.  [30]  It is reasonable to argue, then, that this First Tier desired to replace the higher Estate as the new ruling Tier. They could not, however, do this alone. The First Tier was by nature, small in number compared to the rest of the Third Estate-for which we will now use the term Second Tier.  [31]  The First Tier required the help of the Second Tier if it were to succeed in becoming the ruling Tier; after all, the Tiers were, in Sieyess words, The Nation, and the Second Tier constituted most of it. How were they to achieve the task of persuading the Second Tier to join forces with them in overthrowing the government? Here, the First Tier had advantages. While the First Tier, as the elite and leaders of the Third Estate, enjoyed relatively prosperous lives, had the right to vote, and generally did not have property taken by the nobles, none of the members of the Second Tier had this luxury. This was the bait that the First Tier could use, and would use, to persuade the Second Tier of their cause. They promised a society in which the Second Tier could have all of these rights, and more. Of course, all of this was carefully written and spoken in a rhetorical fashion, so as to produce rage and a revolutionary air.  [32]  What were the results? The storming of the Bastille was the single largest incident, and it eventually took down the First and Second Estates, replacing the government with the First Tier, who now had the power they wanted-the power to lead the Nation. They gav e the Second Tier certain rights and benefits that had been promised beforehand in pamphlets like What is the Third Estate?, but that was where the fairy tale ended. Based on these observations, we arrive at the conclusion that the actual idea and concept of the French Revolution is not much more than the political protests of a frustrated First Tier that decided that the Nations rulers were not worthy, and its manipulation of the Second Tier to carry out the actual, physical overthrow of the government. In effect, the Marxist views of the French Revolution being a Revolution consisting of four smaller class revolutions  [33]  is a mere illusion, consequences of a historians foolish quest to find excessive class meaning in the incidents of history; in reality, what happened was simple. The people overthrew the government in 1789, and for the next ten years, citizens who were not satisfied with it succeeded in rebuilding it several times. In his famed book, The Technique of Revolution, Curzio Malaparte stated that the 18 Brumaire  [34]  was the first modern coup dà ©tat.  [35]  It was not. July 14th, 1789-the storming of the Bastille- was the first. What implications did What is the Third Estate? have for the French Revolution? The pamphlet was the first domino that triggered the chain reaction known as the Revolution, by no doubt. But the social order that it created was not that of which it spoke of. The Revolution did bring much social reform, the invention of citizenship  [36]  being one major change. However, ultimately it failed to create an equal society, because the First and Second Estates of the Ancient Regime were simply replaced by the First Tier, with the pre-existing privileges excluded. However, the governing First Tier had privileges of their own, one extreme example being the aforementioned privileges of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror. The French Revolution may have started a movement that brought great change to the world, but we must all keep in mind that its original intentions were not quite as noble and philanthropic. The role the pamphlet What is the Third Estate? played during the Re volution was bait for the masses, or the Second Tier. Sieyes was an idealist. He likely believed that the world he dreamt of was possible, even with the First Tier merely replacing the First and Second Estates and taking control of the Nation, as long as those in high positions had correct motives. However, his comments on the Terror after it had deteriorated, I survived,  [37]  seem to suggest that he had lost faith in the idea. This appears to be not far from the truth, as in 1799, ten years after the publication of What is the Third Estate?, Sieyes assisted Napoleons successful coup dà ©tat, ending the Revolution, closing the door he had so enthusiastically opened a decade earlier.  [38]  

Essay on the Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Ake

Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Aké The Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinka's memoir, Aké, is a story told through the eyes of a child. Many incidents and the dialogues within these incidents are written in a tone which is suggestive of the innocence and actions which would only be performed by someone in a child-like state of mind. Soyinka's masterful use of this tone, and the primary use of first person in story telling combine to form a realistic childhood picture. In the third chapter we find young Wole describing a sort of parade which is passing before the walls of his home compound. This point in time seems to be when Wole first discovers the world beyond his front door. This realization can be likened to the destruction of the geocentric theory in which man comes to the realization that he is not the center of the universe. We see this realization in this quote from page 37: "It became clear then that we in the parsonage were living in a separate town by ourselves, and that Aké was the rest of what I could see." Another example of childlike thinking can be found in the description of a tuba. In the parade there is a man walking with a tuba. Wole makes the association of the bell of the tuba and the bell part of a gramophone. Young Wole says, "Tinu and I had long rejected the story that the music which came from the gramophone was made by a special singing dog locked in the machine. We never saw it fed, so it would have long starved to death. I had not yet found the means of opening up the machine, so the mystery remained" (41). Here we find child-like reasoning at its finest. At the end of Wole's story of his exploration of the world outside of his familial com... ...wo places," (187-188) Wole, along with his comrades, expresses this belief in bad magic. Another example of child-like rationality can be seen in the quick belief in a conspiracy theory seen in this line from page 188: "...they had come to 'spoil the ground' for others!" Child-like actions are found in the notions of justice, also found on page 188, when the children become judge, jury, and executioner of their peers with the line "Someone proposed that we search their luggage...and was vociferously cheered." The writing of a memoir through the eyes of a child can produce a highly entertaining work, as proved by Wole Soyinka. Through the use of third person and the masterful use of the innocence and language of childhood, Soyinka has written a memoir that can make us remember what is was like to see the world through the eyes of a child. Essay on the Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Ake Use of Third Person and Innocence of Language in Aké The Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinka's memoir, Aké, is a story told through the eyes of a child. Many incidents and the dialogues within these incidents are written in a tone which is suggestive of the innocence and actions which would only be performed by someone in a child-like state of mind. Soyinka's masterful use of this tone, and the primary use of first person in story telling combine to form a realistic childhood picture. In the third chapter we find young Wole describing a sort of parade which is passing before the walls of his home compound. This point in time seems to be when Wole first discovers the world beyond his front door. This realization can be likened to the destruction of the geocentric theory in which man comes to the realization that he is not the center of the universe. We see this realization in this quote from page 37: "It became clear then that we in the parsonage were living in a separate town by ourselves, and that Aké was the rest of what I could see." Another example of childlike thinking can be found in the description of a tuba. In the parade there is a man walking with a tuba. Wole makes the association of the bell of the tuba and the bell part of a gramophone. Young Wole says, "Tinu and I had long rejected the story that the music which came from the gramophone was made by a special singing dog locked in the machine. We never saw it fed, so it would have long starved to death. I had not yet found the means of opening up the machine, so the mystery remained" (41). Here we find child-like reasoning at its finest. At the end of Wole's story of his exploration of the world outside of his familial com... ...wo places," (187-188) Wole, along with his comrades, expresses this belief in bad magic. Another example of child-like rationality can be seen in the quick belief in a conspiracy theory seen in this line from page 188: "...they had come to 'spoil the ground' for others!" Child-like actions are found in the notions of justice, also found on page 188, when the children become judge, jury, and executioner of their peers with the line "Someone proposed that we search their luggage...and was vociferously cheered." The writing of a memoir through the eyes of a child can produce a highly entertaining work, as proved by Wole Soyinka. Through the use of third person and the masterful use of the innocence and language of childhood, Soyinka has written a memoir that can make us remember what is was like to see the world through the eyes of a child.

Arthur Eisenberg and Cap Pannell

Arthur Eisenberg and Cap Pannell seemed to have the perfect partnership. They achieved huge success due to their individual skills. They created a successful firm called Eisenberg/Pannell/St. George. Sales began to soar; revenues rose 50 % in 2 years, pushing the two million dollars mark; a national magazine praised their work. However beside the scene resentment was building between Arthur & Cap. The two partners had never really discussed what each wanted from their business venture. Arthur was dedicated to his work on the other hand Cap was pretty much family centered. Arthur wanted Cap to work all night long. But Arthur refused as he had a baby. Cap and his wife started coming office with their baby Ben. This incident make Arthur furious but he didn’t discuss it with them instead he complained to other employees. The crisis occurred when cap and his wife return from a vacation. Arthur asked them into his office and told them that he would like to discontinue the relationship. Cap left the office in silence and collected his belonging. Cap still bitter, says , â€Å"The business always did well. I don’t even know the real reason we split up. I really can’t forgive him right now in my heart. † For this part, Arthur insists, â€Å" If Cap & I were at a party, we would shake hands, and talk about old times†¦.. I think Cap was as unhappy I was. He probably out of the situation, too†¦ I wish I knew what he felt. † The communication barriers that Arthur Eisenberg & Cap Pannell faces in this situation are such as difference in perception, differing emotional states, lack of commitment etc. When they were working together the communication barriers that we are talking about wasn’t there but after pending some time they realized that they had different ideas about themselves. They were totally different from each other & that’s where the communication problem occurred. Arthur was a work loving person. He always committed to work for the organization. On the other hand, Cap Pannell was more family-centered person who had to give enough time to his family. He wasn’t ready to sacrifice his time with his family members due to excessive work load. Family comes first to him. The two guys have different perception about their work. So clearly there is a communication gap between Arthur & Cap.  We also have noticed that they both have different emotion towards their family members as well. Cap possess more emotion towards his family than Arthur. He had wife & a baby. So of course he will be more family centered. On the other hand, Arthur was more work oriented person. Difference in this can create communication between the two. Lack of commitment showed by Cap is also responsible for creating communication gap. As Cap refused to work longer hours at night as well as taking frequent business tours, Arthur was very anger towards Cap. He showed his anger not to Cap but other employees of the company. Arthur was so committed to his work while Cap wasn’t. that’s where the communication gap had actually occurred. There were so many differences between the two people that had created a problem resulting communication problem. Even they don’t discuss what they were going to achieve from doing business together, what were they expecting from each other & so on so. Unless they discuss this sort of things they were always in trouble & that has happened. We have some suggestion about overcoming communication between the two. Perception cannot be changed, but they can set aside their individual perception when they come to work. They should understand each other better if they set themselves in each other’s position. Personal life is important but that should not be mixed with professional life. Personal life is different from professional life & we should build ourselves in such a way that has a firm balance between our personal life & professional life. As we see from Cap’s perspectives, we should always be committed to our work which Cap wasn’t. Communication barriers will no longer present if we compromise as much as possible when we are working together, meaning we have to sacrifice something in order to achieve something. Arthur & Cap should communicate with each other in order to achieve certain objectives which they had & try to minimize the difference between them. The best option could be know what they are expecting from each other that will make them understand each other better when they are communicating. They have to avoid those things which create misunderstanding & have a different in point of view.

Aneurysms essays

Aneurysms essays While in the my seventh grade P.E. class, I was pulled aside and told that my mother, Frances, was in the hospital. When I arrived at the hospital, I learned that my mother was diagnosed with five cerebral aneurysms. That morning while she was at work, three of the aneurysms burst. At that time in my life I didnt know what they were, but I knew that my mother was in a bad condition. My mother was life-flighted to Herman Hospital in Houston, Texas. There she endured hours of extensive, tedious surgery, and a swift recovery. This recovery time was passed quickly by prayer, and family togetherness. I have reason to believe that among all of the family, I was hurt the most with this misfortune. My mother and I had never before shared a close relationship. This incident brought about the prospect of losing her. It not only worried me, but also it improved our relationship. Seeing the tubes and IVs in my mother was very traumatizing. I thought that this was a one time only occurrence; I w as extremely wrong. In November 2001, my Aunt Mavies died of what is believed to be an aortic aneurysm. In an instant my best friend was taken from me. The only discrepancy between the two cases was the fact that my aunts aneurysm burst in her stomach. Recently, one of my other aunts, Clarissa, was screened, and the doctors have diagnosed an aneurysm. She is extremely afraid that her time on Earth is short because of the severity of the other two cases in our family. Current studies show that aneurysms can be passed throughout a family. Moreover, I could possibly be the recipient of this life threatening occurrence. To help cease my aunts worries and to aid my curiosity, I have been trying to load my mind with the knowledge of aneurysms. But three questions remain unanswered in my quest. What exactly is an aneurysm?; What causes them?; and What can be done to resist or prevent them? First of all, understanding what an aneurysm is will...

Hacp implementation in hotel restaurant Essays

Hacp implementation in hotel restaurant Essays Hacp implementation in hotel restaurant Essay Hacp implementation in hotel restaurant Essay The HACCP execution in hotel eating house A instance survey based on the position of the organisation s civilization Part B Section 1 Introduction Reason for pick of this subject The writer has selected this subject because of his involvement in a future calling in nutrient and drink industry. Separate A has showed that he has good leading and squad edifice accomplishments to go a leader in this filed. He feels that it would be imperative to hold good apprehension of nutrient safety if he would wish to be a chef after graduated from the university. In Hong Kong, there are great proportion of people went out to hold their repast. Harmonizing to Hong Kong centre for wellness protection ( CHP, 2007 ) the figure of people eating out more than five times a hebdomad are 30.2 % for breakfast, 51.5 % for tiffin and 10.8 % for dinner severally. Having such civilization of eating out, nutrient safety should be considered as the first precedence in the cordial reception industry in Hong Kong, nevertheless, in recent old ages, nutrient toxic condition is continually increasing. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( WHO, 2007 ) , the planetary incidence of food-borne diseases is hard to gauge, but it has been reported that in 2005 entirely 1.8 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. A great proportion of these instances can be attributed to taint of nutrient and imbibing H2O. In industrialised states, the per centum of the population enduring from food-borne diseases each twelvemonth has been reported to be up to 30 % . In add-on, contaminated nutrient could ensue from improper nutrient handling, readying, or nutrient storage. : Although HACCP is an internationally recognized nutrient safety direction system, there are great barriers to implement such system in the cordial reception industry Academic aims of undertaking This paper aims to accomplish the undermentioned aims: To derive apprehension of HACCP and its execution in Hospitality industry. To compare current academic literature on the nutrient safety issues. To place the barriers of implementing HACCP system in Hospitality industry. To place the ways to beef uping the nutrient safety civilization within the Hospitality organisation instead than concentrating on making a better safety system. Outline of subdivisions The literature reappraisal will be divided into four parts. The fist portion is about the debut of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System ( HACCP ) , including this definition and its execution. The 2nd portion is about the barriers of implementing HACCP system in Hospitality industry e.g. practical and psychological barriers. The 3rd portion is about the organisational civilization which included its definition and connexion between HACCP execution. The concluding portion is the ways to beef uping the nutrient safety civilization. It is because holding a positive nutrient safety civilization within the organisation is more dependable that purely follow the nutrient safety direction system such as HACCP. Literature Review Introduction Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( WHO, 2007 ) Food-borne diseases or Food poisoning seem to hold been increasing globally in recent old ages. Food poisoning can be loosely defined as the unwellness caused by the ingestion of contaminated nutrient or H2O incorporating assorted bacteriums, viruses, parasites or even toxins of biochemical or chemical nature. The types of nutrients produced or served by a concern along with the direction of how they are prepared or produced are likely to lend to the hazard of a concern doing nutrient toxic condition. ( Griffith, 2010 ) Although, there are nutrient safety direction system such as Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) , the execution of the HACCP system requires extra resources for staff preparation, investings on edifices and equipment, excess purchase of supplies, every bit good as proficient support furthermore, within a concern a figure of sub civilizations compete for precedence and frequently the biggest challenger to nutrient safety civilization is a civilization of salvaging money ( Griffithet Al. , 2010 ) . The thrust to cut costs at the disbursal of nutrient safety possibly false economic system and it should be noted that concerns identified as a beginning of nutrient poisoning eruptions can endure important harm to trade name individuality, fiscal losingss and perchance, in up to a 3rd of instances, bankruptcy ( Griffithet Al. , 2010 ) . What is HACCP? Harmonizing to a recent survey ( Taylor, 2008 ) The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) system is a science-based systematic attack which identifies critical control points in the production process that are indispensable to supervise and command merchandise safety. HACCP is a tool to measure jeopardies and set up control systems that focus on bar instead than trusting on end-product testing. The system can be applied throughout the nutrient concatenation from primary production to concluding ingestion, including primary manufacturers, nutrient makers, conveyance and storage operators to retail and nutrient service mercantile establishments. The execution of HACCP system is a mark for presenting safe nutrient merchandises to clients. HACCP is an internationally recognized system and is built on seven cardinal rules: Hazard Analysis: Potential biological, chemical and physical jeopardies must be evaluated for each ingredient and at each measure of the fabrication procedure. Identify Critical Control Points: Those points in the procedure where control can be applied to extinguish or cut down an identified jeopardy to an acceptable degree. Establish Critical Limits: Defined as the upper limit or minimal parametric quantity that must be met to extinguish or cut down the jeopardy to an acceptable bound. Establish Monitoring Requirements: Used to measure whether the critical bounds are met and to set up records for confirmation. Establish Corrective Actions: The actions taken to convey a CCP back under control and the stairss taken to forestall farther taint of the merchandise every bit good as the stairss taken to forestall the distribution of potentially contaminated merchandise. Establish Verification Procedures: Confirmation assures the program is efficaciously implemented and followed. Establish Record Keeping and Documentation Procedures: Includes record keeping of types of records kept such as the jeopardy analysis, the HACCP program, support certification and operational records. By concentrating review at CCPs, HACCP improves the scientific footing for safety and control processes. A CCP is any point in the concatenation of nutrient production from natural stuffs to complete merchandise where the loss of control could ensue in unacceptable nutrient safety hazard ( Pierson and Corlett, 1992 ) . Monitoring of CCPs is done best by utilizing indexs that can be measured easy. This focal point on mensurable indexs provides a more cost-efficient attack to command than merchandise sampling and testing, which is more expensive and may non supply seasonably consequences. This is particularly of import for foodborne microbic pathogens, because their incidence is low and the costs of proving are high. It is of import to recognize that HACCP is non designed to replace direction determinations weighing possible benefits from merchandise qualities against costs, or the value of improved safety versus the costs of accomplishing it. HAC CP facilitates improved merchandise safety, but direction has the discretion to find what the concluding merchandise quality will be. These issues enter into the house s deliberations in finding CCPs and tolerance bounds at CCPs. ( The economic ) HACCP was originally developed as a quality control tool in nutrient processing, where branded merchandise liability creates industry inducements for jeopardy control. It was intended to be flexible plenty to accommodate to different houses, workss, or procedures within workss. Its application as a regulative criterion to an full industry or sector, or at different phases in the supply concatenation, is needfully different. ( Unnevehr and Jensen 1999 ) , Why is HACCP of import? The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) is a nutrient safety direction system that is presently promoted internationally because it enables nutrient concern operators to command nutrient safety hazards at all points along the production line, instead than waiting for microbiological testing of the concluding merchandise ( Tuominenet Al. , 2003 ) . It regarded as the most effectual manner to accomplish nutrient safety is to concentrate on bar of possible jeopardies and to better the procedure ( Swanson and Anderson, 2000 ; ) The HACCP system besides relies to a great extent on confirmation and certification to guarantee that nutrient safety has non been compromised during any measure. HACCP hence provides a construction for measuring hazards. HACCP hence provides a construction for measuring hazards or whatever could travel incorrect and seting the necessity controls in topographic point to minimise such hazards. ( Stephaniemet Al.,2009 ) The advantage of HACCP based systems is that they can be designed to include all different types of nutrients, their natural stuffs ( whatever their beginning ) and associated jeopardies. ( Griffith, 2010 ) ( Semos and Kontogeorgos, 2007 ) denoted that the execution of the HACCP system to nutrient processing can ensue in benefits to industry, authorities and consumers, advancing, in this manner, a possible betterment of nutrient safety and bar of nutrient toxic condition. HACCP focal point on mensurable indexs provides a more cost-efficient attack to command than merchandise sampling and testing, which is more expensive and may non supply seasonably consequences. This is particularly of import for food-borne microbic pathogens, because their incidence is low and the costs of proving are high. Requirement of Implementing the HACCP system in cordial reception industry Before HACCP can be implemented, prerequisite plans ( PRPs ) such as good hygienic patterns, staff preparation, and documented criterion runing process should be good established. HACCP s effectivity relies on the cognition and accomplishments of both direction and staff. ( Taylor, 2008 ) , pointed out that the most of import factor driving the execution of HACCP is the employment of experient, technically qualified individuals. While flexibleness appropriate to the concern is of import, all seven rules must be applied in the HACCP system. This takes into history the nature and size of the operation, including the human and fiscal resources, substructure, processes, cognition, and practical restraints. The seven rules can be applied in concerns irrespective of size and the nature of the operations. ( Semos and Kontogeorgos, 2007 ) Execution of the HACCP system requires extra resources for staff preparation, investings on edifices and equipment, excess purchase of supplies, every bit good as proficient support moreover, directors or concerns should supply adequate and appropriate installations for nutrient animal trainers to be hygienic and this can act upon their sensed behavioural control. ( Griffith, 2000 ) The efficaciousness of the system relies to a great extent on the relevant HACCP cognition and accomplishments, direction committedness, and apprehension of HACCP along with alterations in attitude and organisational civilization all necessitating equal preparation to get the better of barriers related to human resources. ( Adams, 2000 ) Sing the consequences as a whole, staff preparation was the cost with the highest mean mark bespeaking that this cost during the development and execution of the HACCP system was the most of import cost. The 2nd most of import cost was the investings in new equipment. As has antecedently been mentioned, the bulk of the respondents have used an external adviser to develop and implement the HACCP system in their company. Therefore, it is non surprising that the cost of the external adviser is rated as the 3rd most of import cost. ( Semos and Kontogeorgos, 2007 ) The cost of a HACCP system for most industries depends non merely on the demands of the system, but besides on the betterment of the current position of nutrient safety-related patterns in the company. Sing the cost of HACCP systems, it is of import to take into history the house s long-run nest eggs derived by a possible lessening in remembering contaminated nutrient merchandises ( Taylor, 2001 ) . A nutrient animal trainers cognition of nutrient safety is critical they can non act hygienically if they do non cognize how to act and why. This has led to increased accent on preparation ; nevertheless, cognition of nutrient safety/hygiene does non ever interpret into execution of nutrient safety patterns. Training provides people with the cognition leting them to manage nutrient safety when they are motivated to be hygienic ( Griffith, 2010 ) . What are the barriers in implementing the HACCP system in cordial reception industry? Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) is an internationally recognized system of pull offing nutrient safety ( Codex, 2003 ) and its usage is advocated in the cordial reception industry. Griffith ( 2000 ) stated that one of the major jobs sing the effectual execution of HACCP is that employees in nutrient industry frequently lack involvement and they frequently have a negative attitude toward the nutrient safety programmes. Taylor and Taylor ( 2004 ) found that the chief barriers that hindered the effectual HACCP execution were due to HACCP being considered as hard, onerous and unneeded. They explained that the interplay of barriers at cognition, attitude and behavioural degrees could account for the jobs in effectual HACCP execution. The generated on the job definitions for the general barrier classs included: cognition as a organic structure of acquired facts ; attitude as mental reaction to knowledge ; and behaviour as the action taken as a consequence of cognition acquisition and attitude development. Subcategories of these general barriers included consciousness, acquaintance and comprehension for cognition while the subcategories for attitude major barrier comprised of understanding and committedness. Adoption and attachment were the subcategories for the last major barrier, behavior ( Barriers of HACCP squad members ) Furthermore, those barriers separated into two types which are practical and psychological. ( Taylor, 2008 ) stated that there is an overpowering scope of practical and psychological barriers to the HACCP execution in cordial reception industry ( Tayloret Al. , 2008 ) . The practical barriers in implementing the HACCP system in cordial reception industry ( haccp chef ) Although HACCP is an internationally recognized nutrient safety direction system, there are great barriers to implement such system in the cordial reception industry. Surveies have shown that the major jobs identified in the Hospitality industry were: deficiency of cognition, developing jobs, high staff turnover, big assortment of merchandises, fluctuation in possible demand and big Numberss of parttime workers ( Ward, 2001 ) Lack of appropriate installations has been cited as a barrier to execution of good hygiene ( Claytonet al. ,2002 ) . However even more extremely cited was deficiency of clip to be hygienic and this is likely to be even more of import in nutrient service or providing than in fabrication. The former work to order, with clients seeking prompt service, potentially confronting nutrient animal trainers whilst in fabrication concerns normally work to stock. Bettering a concern displacement forms and staff Numberss has helped to significantly better hygiene execution. Directors or concerns may state that this costs excessively much money and this attitude straight links to the concern organisational nutrient safety civilization. ( Griffith, 2010 ) Eves and Dervisi ( 2005 ) noted that when HACCP is non decently implemented it is due to time-related restraints and largely due to the big sum of certification required. Bas et Al. ( 2007 ) and Panisello and Quantick ( 2001 ) stated that the volume of the paperwork required is a factor that hinders the HACCP effectivity, while Taylor and Kane ( 2005 ) and Taylor ( 2001 ) refer to troubles or deficiency of proof and confirmation processs. Aggelogiannopoulos et Al. ( 2007 ) besides mentioned some other internal barriers in implementing the quality system such as the deficiency of fiscal resources, deficiency of forces, human resource restrictions ( deficient accomplishments or makings ) , clip limitations because of the short operating skyline of the concern, opposition of higher-level executives to alter and opposition of employees to alter. ( Taylor and Forte 2008 ) point out that The cordial reception industry is preponderantly made up of really little concerns with varied degrees of staff preparation and high staff turnover. With a few exclusions, staffs lack the competency to develop a nutrient safety direction system such as HACCP. Hospitality concerns do non use a nutrient engineer or microbiologist in kitchens, but craftsmen who are non technically qualified to place danger points or to utilize instruments such as thermocouples and digital thermometers. A skilled chef is far more capable of judging whether nutrient is adequately cooked utilizing more traditional methods, such as coloring material or texture alterations in nutrient. Second, unlike the fabrication industry, the mean cordial reception mercantile establishment offers an drawn-out merchandise scope ( bill of fare ) to the client. It would non be possible to bring forth a flow diagram for each merchandise offered as required by the international HACCP Guidelines ( Codex, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the mean cordial reception concern is extremely flexible and originative and there is a higher figure of merchandises offered, less usage of standard formulas and frequently ad hoc reworking of ingredients. Third, the first HACCP rule requires a elaborate, proficient jeopardy analysis ( Codex, 2003 ) . Not surprisingly, many caterers do non understand the proficient HACCP and microbiological slang and most frequently have no ability to place critical hazards in nutrient readying and cookery. Finally, as nutrient is produced from a varied and complex production design ( bill of fare ) and the clients require immediate ingestion, the production procedure differs well from that of fabrication concerns. The on the job gait is variable and volatile which is unsuitable for many types of monitoring and certification. Daily concern prognosiss are frequently unpredictable, ensuing in excessively small or excessively much preliminary nutrient readying, and necessitating flexibleness to pull off instead than stiff modus operandis. These differences create strong barriers to the execution of HACCP in the cordial reception industry, and they are really hard to get the better of. The graduated table of the challenge can be demonstrated by analyzing old efforts to develop HACCP counsel manuals for cordial reception concerns ( Taylor and Forte 2008 ) . The psychological barriers in implementing the HACCP system in cordial reception industry Beside the practical barriers, psychological factors are considered as the barriers to HACCP s successful execution in Hospitality industry. A survey ( Taylor, 2008 ) stated that the psychological barriers such as staff motive, attitude, and behavior to the execution. Calls have been made for more specific research on nutrient safety civilization with the construct and its importance, ill understood by all degrees in the nutrient industry, including in-between and top direction. ( Griffith et al 2010 ) If directors have a negative attitude about following proper nutrient safety and sanitation processs, it will be apparent to others by what they say and do. For illustration, if the director of a foodservice constitution does nt rinse his custodies before get downing work, how can he anticipate the employees to make so? Alternatively, if the director demonstrates a positive attitude toward nutrient safety through his words and action, the employees will more likely do the same. In companies with strong safety civilizations, a proper attitude toward nutrient safety is more caught than taught. ( Yiannas, 2008 ) Food safety is non merely a microbiological job but that it besides has a major behavioural constituent ( Griffith and Redmond, 2009 ) . It has been suggested that 97 % of eruptions traced to non-manufacturing nutrient concerns involved a nutrient animal trainer error/malpractice ( Howes et al. , 1996 ) . Although there was a documented HACCP system this was hapless and unequal, its content was non communicated to the employees and was non available for review by the environmental wellness officer. There was no stock rotary motion protocol, cleaning certification was hapless saying some points were to be cleaned daily yet the individual responsible for their cleansing was merely employed two yearss a hebdomad with cleansing of high hazard countries omitted. Many processs such as glass and pest control policies, considered indispensable to a meat processor of this sort, were non in topographic point. However it is possibly the nutrient safety civilization set by the owner/manager which gives rise to the greatest concerns. This was a civilization where returned spoiled meat was repacked and re-used and where salvaging money had precedency over all else. Staffs were asked to work when ailment and to follow the proprietor s illustration of traveling between high and low hazard countries w ithout a alteration of vesture or manus lavation. The proprietor falsified records, misled and lied to environmental wellness officers. ( Griffith, 2010 ) The connexion between Organizational civilization andthe HACCP execution All concerns possess a nutrient safety civilization this can be on a continuum from positive to negative. In a positive civilization, nutrient safety is an of import concern aim and there is conformity with documented systems. In a negative civilization, nutrient safety is non perceived of premier importance with frequently other concern precedences dominant ( GriffithetAl. , 2010 ) and there is hapless conformity with documented nutrient safety demands. The formation or being of both types of civilization may be managed or unmanaged. A negative civilization may be the consequence of deficiency of attempt or inappropriate leading and direction. In a negative civilization any efforts by persons to better safety may be uneffective ( Clayton and Griffith, 2008 ) . Failure to follow with quality and nutrient safety direction system demands can be both widespread and debatable. High executing organisations systematically demonstrate elevated degrees of safety civilization, whereas low executing organisations show a hapless safety civilization ( Killimett, 2006 ) . What is Organizational civilization? Organizational civilization is defined typically in footings of the manner people think, which has a direct influence on the ways in which they behave. Organizational civilization ( OC ) is the societal or normative gum that holds an organisation together. OC is an effectual instrument of staff motive taking to improved single and organisational public presentation. The leading of any type of organisation has a really of import unalienable duty in developing appropriate organisational civilizations to heighten public presentation and job-satisfaction of organisational members. If the leading does non set in sufficient attempts to develop a positive civilization and collar the inclinations towards negative civilizations, it could be a catastrophe for the organisation. ( Anonymous, 2006 ) In peculiar, organisational civilization provides employees a common frame of mention for alterations in an organisation. When organisations have different civilizations, people have different perceptual experiences and readings of organisational alterations, which affect employees embrace alterations. Therefore, organisational civilization is known to be of import for the success of undertakings affecting any organisational alterations ( Weiling and Kwok, 2008 ) A strong organisational civilization helps members develop a shared sense of who they are and provides clear values and beliefs to steer determination devising and the preparation of long-run schemes ( McGrath and Tobia 2008 ) . How organisational civilization overcome the barriers in HACCP execution in the cordial reception industry? The organisational civilization could lend to both success and barriers of implementing HACCP in the hotel. An organisational civilization will act upon how persons within the group think about nutrient safety, their attitudes toward nutrient safety, their willingness to openly discourse concerns and portion differing sentiments, and, in general, the accent that they place on nutrient safety. ( Griffithet Al, 2010b ) Individual nutrient animal trainer behaviour links straight to the concern civilization ( Clayton and Griffith, 2008, Griffithet Al. , 2010 ) and potentially how direction create and back up the nutrient safety civilization within a concern possibly the most of import factor in whether a concern is or is non responsible for nutrient toxic condition. Food poisoning An organisation needs to do certain that employees understand the nutrient safety public presentation outlooks of their occupation and that at all degrees they are held accountable for them. The word answerability by and large implies that there are cheques and balances being measured to do certain certain desired results are being achieved. And in organisations with strong nutrient safety civilizations, this is surely true. For illustration, an organisation might carry on day-to-day HACCP cheques and measurings, observe employee behaviors related to nutrient safety, and supply feedback and coaching ( both positive and negative ) based on the consequences. But in organisations with enlightened safety civilizations, they ve figured out a manner to exceed or travel beyond answerability. They ve figured out a manner to acquire employees to make the right things, non because they re being held accountable to them, but because the employees believe in and are committed to nutrient safety. It has been said that character is what you do when you re entirely and no 1 is watching. In organisations with enlightened nutrient safety civilizations, employees do the right thing non because the director or client is watching, but because they know it s right and they care. Organizations with strong safety civilizations know this. They take the sharing of information beyond simple nutrient safety preparation. They portion information frequently and pass on on a regular basis with their employees about nutrient safety utilizing a assortment of messages and mediums. They realize that what we see, what we hear, and what we read, if done efficaciously, can hold a enormous influence on us. If it did nt, advertizers would nt pass the 1000000s of dollars they do each twelvemonth seeking to make consumers. Like in commercial selling, organisations with strong nutrient safety civilizations portion information non merely to leave cognition, but to carry their employees to action. Having an appropriate positive nutrient safety organisational civilization is indispensable to keeping a successful trade name. Top direction demand to be cognizant of their ain function and duties in civilization formation and to fit their directors with the accomplishments to make and keep a positive nutrient safety civilization at all degrees but peculiarly at in-between direction /unit degree ( Griffith et al. , 2010 ) . Safety civilization appears to be definable and mensurable in practical footings within high-performing organisations that systematically show high degrees of trust, effectual communicating, direction credibleness and an overall value of safety ( Killimett, 2006 ) . A positive safety civilization is said to be in organisations that recognize the hazard for human mistake, but act to cut down such jeopardies by developing professional accomplishments that promote safe work patterns ( Nieva and Sorra, 2003 ) . Top direction in one state were under the feeling that conformity with systems was good, staff understood the demand to be hygienic and that nutrient safety was important to the concern. Unit of measurement directors held a different position which in bend differed in major ways from the positions of store floor staff who perceived the concern precedences to be rather different. Efficaciously this arranges employees into distinguishable organisational degrees that represent differing functions in implementing, keeping and supervising nutrient safety direction systems and criterions. ( Griffithet Al, 2010b ) Yiannas ( 2009 ) argues that nutrient safety can be better achieved by beef uping the nutrient safety civilization instead than concentrating on making a bigger or better safety system. Thus a nutrient safety civilization can be viewed as the shared attitudes, values and beliefs towards the nutrient safety behaviours that are routinely demonstrated in nutrient handling organisations. New employees will usually follow the dominant behaviours that appear stable throughout the organisation by merely larning from co-workers and leaders when they are recruited into the concern, going a shared duty by all group members. Yiannas ( 2009 ) states that organisations can take to make a strong nutrient safety civilization. He goes on to propose that leaders are accountable for inciting it because they have the power and influence to make a positive nutrient safety civilization and therefore hold the possible to cut down the planetary load of food-borne disease. He postulates that making a positive nutrient safety civilization can back up this procedure by really altering the ideas, behaviours and beliefs of persons within a group. Summary and Conclusion The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) system is a science-based systematic attack which identifies critical control points in the production process that are indispensable to supervise and command merchandise safety. The execution of HACCP system is a mark for presenting safe nutrient merchandises to clients. It regarded as the most effectual manner to accomplish nutrient safety is to concentrate on bar of possible jeopardies and to better the procedure. The advantage of HACCP based systems is that they can be designed to include all different types of nutrients, their natural stuffs ( whatever their beginning ) and associated jeopardies. The execution of the HACCP system to nutrient processing can ensue in benefits to industry, authorities and consumers, advancing, in this manner, a possible betterment of nutrient safety and bar of nutrient toxic condition. Factor Before HACCP can be implemented, prerequisite plans ( PRPs ) such as good hygienic patterns, staff preparation, and documented criterion runing process should be good established. Caterers are non qualified to place the many jeopardies now present in their operations and they can non be expected to bring forth their ain single HACCP programs. HACCP can go a utile direction tool, but, to win, it must be seen by chefs as utile and easy to use. It must be recognised as a means to avoid jobs as opposed to a defense mechanism mechanism in instance things go incorrectly. The many jeopardies involved in bring forthing nutr

Spelling and Pronunciation

Spelling and Pronunciation Spelling and Pronunciation Spelling and Pronunciation By Maeve Maddox Posts on the topic of pronunciation usually provoke a lot of attention, often drawing heated defenses of one pronunciation over another and suggesting that only one can ever be â€Å"correct.† In fact, â€Å"correct† pronunciation differs from century to century and from region to region. Words are affected by pronunciation changes of two kinds: 1. Changes that have taken centuries to develop, the kind that have transformed Old English into the English spoken today. 2. Changes that began as a deliberate alteration of the established pronunciation for some purpose or other. According to Ida A. Ward (The Phonetics of English), the latter type of change arises through some person who deliberately adopts a new pronunciation because he thinks it better; it is an affectation on his part. At first it is probably regarded as a false refinement by those who do not use it, but gradually by frequent repetition, the new pronunciation spreads, and a succeeding generation acquires it as its natural pronunciation. This type of deliberate change probably dates from the 16th- 18th centuries when scholars busied themselves with the â€Å"refinement† of English spelling to make it reflect Latin or Greek origins. One change was to introduce an extra consonant sound into words that did not have them. For example, our word perfect entered English from Norman French as parfet or parfit, as in Chaucer’s â€Å"He was a veray parfit gentil knight.† The modern form perfect acquired its c to show the derivation from Latin perfectio. The English pronunciation eventually changed to reflect the /k/ sound represented by the c. The same thing happened to Norman French verdit when the spelling was changed to verdict. On the other hand, Norman French endite, spelled indict in modern English, is still pronounced without a k sound in spite of the c: /in-DITE/. The word victual, pronounced vittle by many speakers, is another holdout against spelling pronunciation. The consonant d was added to the word aventure to produce modern adventure. In 1701, an observer listed several words that were spelled with d’s and t’s that were not pronounced in speech at that time: of(t)en Chris(t)mas cos(t)ly ghos(t)ly mos(t)ly roas(t) beef husban(d) pagean(t) We(d) nesday wris(t)band Wil(t)shire frien(d) ly han(d)maid fon(d)le can(d)le han(d)le chil(d)ren Modern speakers pronounce the d or t in most of these words, but not in all. The pronunciation of at least two of the words- often and Wednesday- is hotly contested in comment columns on sites such as this one. So far, native speakers don’t try to pronounce the t in castle or listen, but some preachers have been heard to insert it into apostle and epistle. Speakers who become really put out with people who pronounce the l in palm, calm, and almond, probably think nothing of pronouncing the l in fault, falter, vault, Walter, falcon, almanac and cauldron- all words that had the l inserted after they’d been adopted into English without it. Spelling pronunciations that are well established in the language, regardless of their â€Å"original† form, are no longer contested. More recent innovations, like restoring the t in often or pronouncing the l in almond, remain the stuff of blogging controversy. Related posts: How Do You Pronounce â€Å"Often†? L Words in English Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersWoof or Weft?

Research report writing (Maintenance Management) Essay

Research report writing (Maintenance Management) - Essay Example The development intent aimed at enterprise creation for people within adjacent communities, a densely populated depressed area. The front most of five warehouses which stretches 200 meters corresponding to the highway was split in half to create roadway and traffic flow into the industrial block. Roadwork and open space completes 55% of the 22,365 square meter original warehouse footprint. One of the halves of the original warehouse, which has a floor area of 5, 804.5 square meters, is fit out as a bazaar of smaller stalls. Several corridors cut from road level through entrances 3 meters wide and 3 meters high. Along the perimeter there are a total of 19 direct exit points with a total linear opening of 54.3 meters, but this includes the number of back portion fire exits. The overall effect is practically a covered open space. Common in a number of historic facilities is the practice of natural ventilation systems, which over several alterations of the facility use, these built in systems are compromised. By contentious views on energy usage and environmental issues, natural ventilation resurfaced as a method increasingly attractive for reduced energy consumption and acceptable ecological print (Walker, 2010). In the conversion of Warehouse—1, the ventilation system was reviewed of less importance since there were no recorded technical complications of difficulty in this category for the past 25—year warehouse operation. While this review provoked green build possibilities, the idea of facility conversion insofar also compromised capital expenditure constraint or reinvestment conservatism. The design approach is an application of the displacement ventilation theory by exhaust suction treatment, which relies heavily on the natural air movement in the vicinity. It occurs that the industrial block has a constant cool breeze from tree hedges that outline each warehouse zone. That is, a natural ventilation system depends on pressure differences to

Islamic Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islamic Studies - Essay Example I t is consisted of everything that the prophet has spoken of, his decisions on important matters, his opinions and his answers to the queries and doubts raised by his followers and believers. The Hadiths literature which consists of the narrations of the life of the prophet also has played major role in the shaping of Islamic faith. The fact that the Hadith were recorded after the death of the prophet make many to doubt the authenticity and the validity of the Hadith. There are people who consider the Hadith merely as a history book having not much of religious significance. The essay attempts to unearth the understanding of Hadith in Islam religion, and it tries to bring out the differences in the understanding and the practice of Hadith soon after the death of Prophet Mohammed with a special reference to the changed political scenario after the Prophets death. The Hadith assumed greater significance after the death of Mohammed as the believers could no longer ask their questions or clear their doubts from the prophet. So wherever they did not have a specific guideline in the Quran, they sought for it in the Hadith. The hadiths very often acted as the guiding principle for the Muslim way of life along with the Koran. One should not forget the fact that the Hadith was transmitted by the companions of the prophet (his contemporaries and witnesses to his teaching) to the next generation through oral tradition in the initial stages. Therefore, many attempts have been undertaken by the scholars to assess the reliability and authenticity of Hadith. The Hadith was judged based on their content, the degree in which they did not contradict the Quran and the extend to which they resonated divine wisdom. Thus, they were categorized into authentic, good or weak. Hadith were collected and confirmed or proved to be authentic by many scholars; however on e cannot negate the influence of personal bias or prejudices in the process. There was also the risk of interpreting the personal responses of the prophet as having general implications to the Islamic teachings. In the eighth century there was a considerable division in the Islamic thought due to the diversity of thought that the Hadith were not reliable and authentic. This division of thought prompted Muhammad ibh Idris al-Shafi to make a common methodology for all schools of Islamic faith by the end of 9th century. He identified four sources of Islamic law- the Quran, the sunnas or the tradition of the prophet, reasoning by analogies and unanimous agreement. The Muslim community strongly believed that Allah has sent His prophets and messengers to keep them united with Him and Mohammed for them is the last of the prophets. Mohammed proved himself to be a strong religious leader for the Muslims and after his time the Islam community really lacked strong spiritual leaders even though they did have some powerful rulers in the caliphs who succeeded Mohammed. After the death of Mohammed, there weren't any undisputable leaders for the Muslims and one comes across a series of struggle for power and control over the Muslim community and it is interesting to note how this struggle affected the Muslim belief and their way of life. It is these struggles that led to the formation of Sunnism and Shiism, and the underlying reason for most of the conflicts and struggles within Islam can be attributed to these struggles. The original version of the Hadiths suffered various setbacks at the hands of

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Managing Hospitality Operations - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Hospitality Operations - - Essay Example High-quality service results in customer satisfaction which in turn stimulates the intention to return, and encourages recommendations. Customer satisfaction also increases profitability, market share and return on investment (Shishavi, 2007). Every interaction in the hospitality sector is a service and interaction takes place at various levels. Service is dependent on various factors and each of these factors is individually and collectively responsible for efficient delivery of service. The employees, the managers, the technology and innovative ideas along and the consumers themselves can help meet the challenge of service delivery. The environment too has an impact on service quality and customer delight is used as a measure of customer satisfaction. Service quality perception has also been used a driver of customer retention. Hence, this paper will focus on the various factors responsible for service quality in the hospitality sector. It would first discuss SERVQUAL in the hospitality sector. Firms have to move from satisfaction to delight in order to obtain loyal customers and maintain profitable operations (Torres & Kline, 2006). â€Å"Customer delight involves going beyond satisfaction to delivering what can be best described as a pleasurable experience for the client† (Patterson cited by Torres & Kilne). This indicates that delight has a stronger emption and a different physiological state than satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is based on customer expectation whereas delight exceeds expectations. Customers can be delighted without being surprised. Delighted customers have greater appreciation for the firm and its services. Loss of a single customer can mean losses running into thousands and hence delight has been considered important to retain loyal customers. One loyal customer also translates into recommended customers. Customer delight can be used as a

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 SLP Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 SLP - Essay Example One major implication of health care fraud and abuse is the monetary loss due to e improper activities which endanger patient safety. The United States Attorneys' offices (USAOs) are held responsible for the civil and criminal prosecution of health care providers, professionals, and other specialized business agencies who engage with health care fraud and abuse. The US government has appropriated certain amount (DOJ, 2000) from the United States Treasury general fund and they in turn must appropriate the Account for transfer some to the federal Bureau of Investigation in order to carry out the purpose and processes as described in above statements. Another implication is the intensification of health care fraud enforcement. This can never be achieved without the cooperation of other stakeholders. In fact, the FBI is one organization involved in the said cooperative effort. Federal agencies needs to collaborate with health care fraud working groups, have a liaison program among organizations and attend trainings as well as conferences. New statutory tools are believed to support ad be provided in order to combat health care fraud. Although Around $451,000 was budgeted to HCFA ($395,500) as well as the ASMB or Assistant Secretary for Management and Budget at the end of 2000 for the formal risk management operations.

The Circumstances of Life and the Way People Live Largely Determine Essay

The Circumstances of Life and the Way People Live Largely Determine Their Health - Essay Example It is these types of circumstance which can lead to significant health problems, and it is these that the wider public health workforce needs to identify and address to improve public health. There are also much more secretive factors that are involved in health outcomes, such as marital status, income and the area in which you live (Blas et al, 2010). These types of areas also need to be involved in any significant discussion of the topic, as a good understanding of these factors could lead to an improvement in public health provisions as well as a reduction in hospitalizations and bad health for the general population. Taking this into account, it should be noted that the purpose of this essay is to cover the circumstances which affect public health outcomes, and how these are tackled by the literature. It will use this information to analyze and evaluate ways in which public health workers can build upon the knowledge provided to help prevent these problems and improve general pub lic health, with further references to relevant literature in the field. By doing this, it will become evident that there are areas in which public health workers can operate to tackle adverse life circumstances to improve the general health outcomes of the public. It has long been known that there are lifestyle factors that either decrease or increase the personal risk of disease and mortality. These have been an object of some interest by the public health community, as this type of epidemiology is, in theory, preventable and could bring several different benefits to the population, not least economically (Shaw, 1999). Research in this area is important because a focus on preventable health outcomes is one major way in which the wider public health force can identify and address adverse life circumstances to improve health.

Managing Hospitality Operations - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Hospitality Operations - - Essay Example High-quality service results in customer satisfaction which in turn stimulates the intention to return, and encourages recommendations. Customer satisfaction also increases profitability, market share and return on investment (Shishavi, 2007). Every interaction in the hospitality sector is a service and interaction takes place at various levels. Service is dependent on various factors and each of these factors is individually and collectively responsible for efficient delivery of service. The employees, the managers, the technology and innovative ideas along and the consumers themselves can help meet the challenge of service delivery. The environment too has an impact on service quality and customer delight is used as a measure of customer satisfaction. Service quality perception has also been used a driver of customer retention. Hence, this paper will focus on the various factors responsible for service quality in the hospitality sector. It would first discuss SERVQUAL in the hospitality sector. Firms have to move from satisfaction to delight in order to obtain loyal customers and maintain profitable operations (Torres & Kline, 2006). â€Å"Customer delight involves going beyond satisfaction to delivering what can be best described as a pleasurable experience for the client† (Patterson cited by Torres & Kilne). This indicates that delight has a stronger emption and a different physiological state than satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is based on customer expectation whereas delight exceeds expectations. Customers can be delighted without being surprised. Delighted customers have greater appreciation for the firm and its services. Loss of a single customer can mean losses running into thousands and hence delight has been considered important to retain loyal customers. One loyal customer also translates into recommended customers. Customer delight can be used as a

The Circumstances of Life and the Way People Live Largely Determine Essay

The Circumstances of Life and the Way People Live Largely Determine Their Health - Essay Example It is these types of circumstance which can lead to significant health problems, and it is these that the wider public health workforce needs to identify and address to improve public health. There are also much more secretive factors that are involved in health outcomes, such as marital status, income and the area in which you live (Blas et al, 2010). These types of areas also need to be involved in any significant discussion of the topic, as a good understanding of these factors could lead to an improvement in public health provisions as well as a reduction in hospitalizations and bad health for the general population. Taking this into account, it should be noted that the purpose of this essay is to cover the circumstances which affect public health outcomes, and how these are tackled by the literature. It will use this information to analyze and evaluate ways in which public health workers can build upon the knowledge provided to help prevent these problems and improve general pub lic health, with further references to relevant literature in the field. By doing this, it will become evident that there are areas in which public health workers can operate to tackle adverse life circumstances to improve the general health outcomes of the public. It has long been known that there are lifestyle factors that either decrease or increase the personal risk of disease and mortality. These have been an object of some interest by the public health community, as this type of epidemiology is, in theory, preventable and could bring several different benefits to the population, not least economically (Shaw, 1999). Research in this area is important because a focus on preventable health outcomes is one major way in which the wider public health force can identify and address adverse life circumstances to improve health.

The Sixth Challenge of Vision 2020 Essay Example for Free

The Sixth Challenge of Vision 2020 Essay The sixth challenge of vision 2020 is to form a scientific –oriented and progressive society. A scientific, oriented and progressive society is a society that is fully inventive and creative, forward-looking, optimism, generous and provides a technological civilization in the future. The reason why I think the sixth challenge cannot be met because of the identification of race with economic function, and the recognition of race in economic backwardness. Identification of race with economic scale implies that the income of individual is not equal; the crisis of disparity between races is significant. Each race will have their own economic worth due to the individual upbringing and education, economic preferences and effort therefore they received different financial reward. An equality of income between races is not possible and not achievable. On the other hand, the sixth challenge cannot be meet on year 2020 is because of lack of skill labors in the society. Young Malaysians seek to study and work abroad and this create a shortage of skill labor which slowed down the growth of the country. Others countries provide better wages, career opportunity, environment and education than Malaysia such as neighbor Singapore. Therefore, it is hard to develop a scientific society by year 2020 if there is a shortage in skilled labors, potential and technologies. To overcome the challenge, 1 Malaysia concept must be strongly built up in every race’s mindset to reduce racial politics in the country. The society should accept and tolerances among people of different races, and have a mutual respect for each citizens within the country. Government should allocated resources appropriately to reduce the racist crisis. Next, government should also focus on the level of wages and allowance pay to the skilled labor to reduce the capital loss of country. Government should increase the project of development of the country to provide more career opportunities to the citizens.

Characteristics Of Being A Good And Efficient Leader

Characteristics Of Being A Good And Efficient Leader The definition of a leader has been defined by different people with different ways. Thus, what is the concrete definition of the word leader? Each of us will have our own different answer. In dictionary, the word leader has been defined as a person who influences a group of people. For me, leader is a captain of a group or a person who is able to organise, manage, make decision, analyse, negotiate, i Identify source of problem, solve problem, and train junior. A qualified leader at least must have good leadership and good relationship to ensure that his group is working well and smooth. Leadership is very important for a qualified leader, because leadership affects the performance of a team, an excellent leadership will improve a team performance. The relationship between leader and his team members is quite important for a qualified leader as well, because a good relationship will help the leader to communicate to his team members easily and send right massage to his team members. In fact, a team leader takes on the leadership role in his team. He or she has to direct, supervise, guide and instruct the team. These are the duties of a team leader to promote unity of his team and to ensure that his team to function as good as possible. As a leader, he or she inspires the team to action in anytime. Therefore, the team leader is the line of communication from upper management to tea m members. The leader completes his teams quality and advises his team members if there are rooms for improvement. Actually, characteristics of a good leader is a hot and interested topic. Online search found a lot of web sites are listing that Characteristics of a good and efficient leader. Why? Because a good leader will influences the performance of a team. No matter it is global leadership, corporate leadership or even a team leadership, the basic traits of a good leader are necessary and ordinary. Some additional positive characteristics may be required, just depending on their field of work or circumstance. Firstly, the essential characteristic of a good leader is self leadership, it is one of the essential characteristics and also is probably the most important characteristic of an efficient leader. It indicates that when a leader guides himself towards excellence, he will able to lead his followers on the same time as well. Beside that is personal leadership, personal leadership is the desire of one to take charge of his own life. Personal leadership is also about always becoming a good follower of his own principles. It is motivational leadership and all leaders must have. Thus, confidence is required and it automates confidence to be another characteristic. A leader must believes his own abilities, unless he ensures that he can not to guide his team effectively or actually he has no abilities to guide a team. The team members will be highly motivated to do a good job when the leader is confident in his or her abilities and themselves at the same time. So that, enthusiastic will be a nother characteristic. Why say so? Because, if the good leader is enthusiastic about his work, cause and also his role of leader, the leader will able to guide his team effectively. A leader needs to be a source of inspiration and to be a motivator to his team members. Even though the responsibilities and roles of a leader may be different, but all kinds of leader should not be afraid to roll up their sleeves and get dirty. In addition, a leader must ability to think and analyse, all leaders must able to analyse problem of source, take corrective action to solve problems and move on to the next challenge. That is why an analytic mind is needed. A good leader is necessary to be knowledgeable about his field of work, because knowledgeable leader will be able to guide and solve problems when he is thorough with his field of work. This is also an important characteristic for leadership. Another characteristic of a leader is strategic of leadership, this is an important leadership skill. It includes planning and organizing of activities allotment of tasks and effective time management. A good strategic leadership can influence the performance of leader. To lead a team, the leader must be trustworthy. Actually, a true leader cannot exist if he or she does not get the trust of followers. It means that honesty and integrity are necessary. Without integrity and honesty, followers will feel that they must not fol low the leader. As a good leader, they must have good practices. So, trustworthiness is an essential characteristic, all leaders should based on the trust of other people. Furthermore, being congruent will become a characteristic of a leader. A leader who wants to guide his followers, he has to obtain the trust of followers first. Congruency means all your thoughts, words and actions are entirely aligned. A leader should be able to convince his followers successfully and make his followers understand what their have to change. Moreover, a good leader must have good attitude, even in the worst of situations. He should instill the same on his followers by appropriate motivation or solving problem techniques. Attitude of a leader is a very important determinant in the successful overcoming of leadership challenges. The last essential characteristic of leader is respect. It is necessary and it must be mutual, respect must not be restricted only from the followers to the leader. All team members should be respected, if the leader sets an example for this, all the team members will follow undoubtedly. This must be a vital and important characteristic of a strong leader. In conclusion, these characteristic which just described are essential for a good leader. They can be native traits but they can also be developed and strengthened. No matter these characteristics are natural or developed, a good leader must always ensure to make the best of these traits and to achieve excellence. A good leader does not consider himself is the boss when he is working. A leader needs rather to view him as part of the team, equal to all other group members. Leaders should consider themselves as part of the team to obtain the respect of their team members. Followers will be more willing to help the leader and try to give the best as they have, they will have a sense that the team is one and everyone is in together. Question 2 Describe the qualities you will feel justified in calling an individual a successful person. How does a person can be defined successful? This is a confusable question. Why say so? Because, different peoples will have different answers, they have their own answer about how does a person can be defined successful. No matter adults or children, all of them will have the same deep appetency in their life which is to be successful in their life. In our daily life, we ceaselessly experience successful and unsuccessful, but most of us still do not know what successful really is. Usually, successful can be defined as an achievement of desired, feeling of pleasure or enjoyment. We can achieve success either from wealth, career, health, material things, relationship, power or discoveries. Some people will say that making a lot of money every month is successful, because they see wealth as a source of successful and they think that they can solve problem by money. But, some people say that wealth is not successful and not all in their life because cannot solve the entire problem. They think that career success is the true successful, career success can give them guarantee. Besides that, some people will say that they find success in bringing up their children. By contrast, some people describe success as helping other people who need to help. They need to feel that they are doing something useful with their lives to other people, concentrating on giving and helping can afford them this feeling and also help themselves achieve successful. For me, a successful person is who believes in hard work. An example of successful person is Bill Gate because Bill Gate is the person who believes in hard work, he also believes that if you are clever and know how to make use of your intelligence, you will be able to achieve anything. Those qualities helped him to get top in their life. After Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard, Bill Gates formed Microsoft. Vision of Microsoft is A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer. Bill Gates is visionary and he will work very hard to achieve his vision and what he wants. If you believe in hard work, you can to achieve anything, if without believing in yourself you already lose the game. In everything you do, you must with full of confidence. A person who is successful, they must able to make decisions, take action, differentiate right or wrong action, they should take it. Actually, either way is better than making no decisions or taking no actions at all. As Franklin Roosevelt said: It is a common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something. Moreover, a person who is successful must have positive attitude, because a negative attitude can very damaging to a person. If the person is thinking positive, mean that he opens new doors every day. It can open your mind to accept ideas and create great relationships. In addition, I think that a successful person must be able to redefine failure. A successful person, you should also to be brave to take the risk to solve problems when you are facing in the future. As a successful person do not easy to give up and we have to remember never give up and do not be afraid to facing any challenges. For example, the world class badminton player of Malaysia Dato Lee Chong Wei, he will just concentrates on the badminton when the adversary strikes back to him. Every day he will a lot of training and ceaselessly improves himself. He will know what should do and what should not to do in their daily life. Thus, he must have wholehearted. To be enthusiastic about what you do. Be committed to your life and everything that you set out to accomplish in your life and also devote yourself to your family, friends, and community. To commit yourself being the best that you can be. Why are there only a few people successful in the world? It means that only few of us are really achieve success in life? That was they give up easily. Try to succeed and do not give up. In conclusion, I will think that a person who is successful must believe in hard work and never stop to try your best for being a successful person. No matter you measure successful by wealth, career, health, material things, relationship, power or discoveries. To be enthusiastic about what you should do and put your effort in everything to hit the objective that you want to hit. Whether you are successful or not, the essence is you must be respectful and have good manners although others around you may not. It is the most important and interesting. If you are true successful person, you have to start the way to success and try to his best day by day.

West Begin :: essays research papers

WEST AS A LAND OF CONQUEST. â€Å" Citing the Sioux as the example, explain the conquest of the Natives. When did the conflicts occur and where did they occur? What were the Anglo American objectives and what were the Means? What was the outcome?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you stated that most all of the Plains Indians were tough’s fighters, but the tribes that became the most powerful were the Comanche’s in the South the Sioux in the North.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1860 Indian sovereignty had been responsible for the government’s efforts to erect t permanent barrier or buffers between the tribes and the Anglo culture. West of the bend of the northern bend Missouri River would constitute a permanent Indian country. Treaties never withstood other pressure of white interest in the lands occupied by the Indians and that pattern was true in this case as well.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1850 each tribe was granted a large area of land under a policy called concentration.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1851 each tribe revived its own defined reservation, confirmed by separate treaties duly ratified by US Senate. (Which did not survive for very long because it favored whites who wanted access to land, and it divided the Indians and kept them for negotiation in their common interest.)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New policy. Recommended two large reservations would be established. South, Indian Territory (Oklahoma) was established and in the north, the Dakotas all the way to the Powder River in Montana was established, which failed.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corruption and incompetence in the Bureau of Indian Affairs was a major problem.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1850s until the late 1890 there was nearly incessant warfare on the plains. (A small band of Indians would attack whites that had encroached into Indian Territory). Little Crow, the Santee killed more than 700 white before they were subdue by the Army in retaliation after the US Army encroachment by the whites in 1860.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1864 fighting between whites and Indians broke out in eastern Colorado and led to one the most despicable event s in the annals of Anglo-Indian conflict.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gold was discovered in Cherry Creek in what is now Denver.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Natives were assigned to lands in eastern Colorado between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retaliate again in rejecting this treatment to recover their lost territory. Which lead to John Chivington attack this camp without warning when all the Indians who did not want to fight went the army camps where they would be protected. November 28,1864.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Black Kettle managed to escape to the south. Four years later he and his people ware attacked by the US Army at the Washita Rive on the Texas-Oklahoma border.