Speech Recognition and Speech Synthesis :: Essays Papers

Speech Recognition and Speech Synthesis Speech Recognition. Speech Recognition is the process by which a computer maps an acoustic speech signal to text. It is different that speech understanding which is the process by which a computer maps an acoustic speech signal to some form of abstract meaning of the speech. This process depends on the speaker, and how he speaks the language. There are three different systems for the speaker. * Speaker dependent system. * Speaker independent system. * Speaker adaptive system. Speaker Dependent System. A speaker dependent system is developed to operate for a single speaker. These systems are usually easier to develop, cheaper to buy and more accurate, but not as flexible as speaker adaptive or speaker independent systems. Speaker Independent System. A speaker independent system is developed to operate for any speaker of a particular type like American English, or any other kind of English Language. These systems are the most difficult to develop, most expensive and accuracy is lower than speaker dependent systems. However, they are more flexible. Speaker Adaptive System. A speaker adaptive system is developed to adapt its operation to the characteristics of new speakers. It's difficulty lies somewhere between speaker independent and speaker dependent systems. There are many things that effects the speaker systems. For example The size of vocabulary of a speech recognition system affects the complexity, processing requirements and the accuracy of the system. Some applications only require a few words like numbers, others require very large dictionaries (e.g. dictation machines). There are no established definitions for the size of vocabulary. To make it easy to understand we can say that :- small vocabulary - tens of words medium vocabulary - hundreds of words large vocabulary - thousands of words very-large vocabulary - tens of thousands of words. As well as the size of vocabulary effects the speaker system, the way on speaking this words effects too. There are two different ways of speech. continuous speech or isolated-word speech. Isolated-word Speech:- An isolated-word system operates on single words at a time - requiring a pause between saying each word. This is the simplest form of recognition to perform because the end points are easier to find and the pronunciation of a word tends not affect others. Thus, because the occurrences of words are more consistent they are easier to recognize. Continuous Speech:- A continuous speech system operates on speech in which words are connected together, i.e. not separated by pauses.

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Northwest Missouri State University 51-646-40 – Managerial Accounting January 12 – February 14, 2013 – St. Joseph site Instructor: Dr. R. WoodOffice: Colden Hall 2100 (Maryville campus) Telephone: 562-1759e-mail: [email  protected] edu Secretary: 562-1835 COURSE DESCRIPTION: A graduate level course in the principles and theory of managerial and cost accounting information. The course firsts develops an understanding of the concepts and procedures for a topical area and then through questions, problems, and case readings applies them.The major topical areas include the role of accounting information to management, cost concepts, cost behavior, costing systems, budgeting, allocation, relevant costs, variances, capital budgeting, planning and control. TEXT: Managerial Accounting, Fourth Edition (2010), James Jiambalvo, Wiley, ISBN # 978-0-470-33334-1 Textbooks can be ordered through, http://www. nwmissouri. bncollege. com the Bearcat bookstore (660. 562. 1246), Am azon, or other online vendor. ARTICLE READINGS: In addition to the textbook there are required article readings.These are listed in the syllabus and at the eCompanion site under the â€Å"Articles by Chapter† heading or in the webliography. Alternatively the articles may be found at most any University library, the full reference is given in the syllabus and online. eCOMPANION SITE: The site is primarily organized by chapter. Each chapter lists the assigned review questions and problems along with their solutions, PowerPoint slides, additional problems for selected topics, and readings for some articles. Other article readings are found under the Webliography tab.A copy of the daily schedule and general syllabus items is also at the site. OPTIONAL MATERIALS: http://www. wiley. com/college/jiambalvo (click on the â€Å"Student Companion Site† link) the site offers PowerPoint slides for each chapter, review questions and quizzes. Availability is not guaranteed, it is sub ject to Wiley Publishing. COURSE OBJECTIVES: The course is designed to add understanding of management information needs, develop managerial accounting concepts, and the application of managerial accounting methods.The use of accounting data in aiding, planning, control, and decision making and its relationship to the management function is of primary importance. In addition the student will understand many of the various accounting analysis procedures available to management as well as their limitations. Upon completion of the course the student should have a broad understanding of the concepts and practice of managerial accounting, and how it aids managers in manufacturing and service environments. ATTENDANCE: Successful completion of this course requires regular class attendance, especially in this short and condensed schedule.It is the student's responsibility to obtain any information missed in class from other students, including any announcements that may affect the schedule. Lectures, discussion, announcements, or assigned material will not be repeated for the benefit of absent students. Missing four classes or half the contact hours, whichever comes first, will result in a grade reduction of one letter grade, missing five classes will result in administrative withdrawal from the course or a grade of â€Å"F† as appropriate. Northwest Missouri State University 51-646 – Managerial AccountingPREPARATION and PARTICIPATION: Preparation for class is reading all chapter and article readings prior to class, you will obtain more and contribute more to class discussion. Assigned questions, exercises, and problems are optional in that they will not be collected, however it is expected that they will be completed, they are for your benefit and will help on exams. Assignments will be reviewed in class as time permits and when requested by the student. Cases or articles will be collected and graded as noted below. Students will also be called on to pa rticipate in discussing questions, roblems, cases, and readings. GRADE DETERMINATION: 90- 100AMidterm Exam45% 80 -89BFinal Exam45% 70 –79CCollected Cases or Articles10% below70D (Failure)Total100% EXAMS: Two closed book exams will be given will be given over the chapters and material covered. The exams will cover the text (chapters, questions, problems, and cases), additional readings, any handouts, and class discussion. MAKE-UP EXAMS: No tests will be repeated for the benefit of absent students unless there is evidence of sufficient weight in the instructor's judgment to merit it.Extenuating circumstances must be verifiable with an independent source. In no case will an exam be repeated if the student fails to notify the instructor or department secretary in advance of the absence. WRITTEN CASE REPORTS: A total of two cases and/or articles will be collected and are due immediately after class discussion, they will not be accepted afterwards. It must provide a description of the case or article, the major issues of concern to management, answer the questions in the case or article, and when appropriate provide resolution to the problem(s) in the case or article.Note that the daily schedule also has additional questions for some cases. The length of the report is determined by the case or article, but should not exceed four pages. It must be typed using standard margins and type, and/or a (Excel) spreadsheet as appropriate. Cases for collection will be assigned as the semester progresses but will come from those denoted with a double asterisk (**). DISABILITY ACCOMODATIONMS: Students in this course who need disability accommodations/modifications should present a copy of their official Northwest accommodation letter from the LAP/S Committee to the instructor uring private office hours as early in the term as possible. Additional information can be found in the â€Å"Services for Students with Disabilities† brochure available at the Student Service s Center or online at www. nwmissouri. edu/swd. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: Per University and departmental policy, academic dishonesty will result in failure and dismissal from the course and possible dismissal from the University. A more detailed description of the policy is in the graduate catalog and in the last page of the syllabus. IMPORTANT DATES: Class meetings; Saturday – January 12, 26, February 9Thursday – January 17, 31, February 14 51-646 – Managerial Accounting August 4 – September 6 2012 Daily Schedule The schedule will likely change some as the semester progresses to accommodate for class discussion and unforeseen changes. For each day the chapters to be discussed, homework and case discussion points are listed. Half-way and at the end of the course there will be an exam. Cases denoted with a double asterisk â€Å"**† may be collected and counted towards the grade. At the eCompanion site some article readings are under the chapter tab and others are linked through the webliography as noted.January 12, Saturday 9-5 pm Q=Question, Ex = Exercise, Pr = Problem CH 1: Managerial Accounting In The Information Age; Q 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 Case: 1-1 Local 635 Case 1-2 Boswell Plumbing Products CH 2: Job-Order Costing For Manufacturing And Service Companies; Q 1- 10 Ex 12 Pr 1 Case: 2-1 Brixton Surgical Devices (additional question: How are costs allocated to the product such that producing more units would result in more of overhead being buried in inventory? ) Case 2-3 Dupage Powder Coating CH 3: Process Costing; Q 1, 4, 5, 6, 10 Pr 2, 3, 8 and supplement (online) Case: 3-1 Tech-Tonic Sports DrinkJanuary 17, Thursday 6-10 pm CH 5: Variable Costing Q 1 – 5, 9, 10 Ex 4, 5 Pr 4, 12, 15 CH 6: Cost Allocation And Activity-Based Costing (and handout on service department allocation) Q 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 Pr 1, 5, 6, 12, 16 Case: 6-1 Eastside Medical Testing** Devices (additional question: Why or why not is Eastside better or worse off economically if they keep Nuclear Systems business at existing prices? ) * Estrin, T. J. Kantor, and D. Albers, â€Å"Is ABC Suitable for Your Company? † Management Accounting, April, 1994: 40-45. * Tatikonda, D. O'Brien, and R.Tatikonda, â€Å"Succeeding with 80/20,† Management Accounting, February, 1999: 40-44. January 26, Saturday 9-5 pm Complete our discussion of chapter 6 CH 4: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (and appendix on regression); Q 1, 3, 4, 6-10 Pr 2, 3, 4, 12, 15, 17 Case: 4-3 Krog’s Metalfab, Inc. ** (Additional requirement: estimate the lost profit using three methods or variations in the data used, one of which must be simple regression. ) CH 8: Pricing Decisions, Analyzing Customer Profitability, and Activity-Based Pricing Q 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 Ex 6, 9 Pr 3, 4, 9 Shim, E. , and E. Sudit, â€Å"How Manufacturers Price Products,† Management Accounting, February, 1995: 37-39. Midterm (chps 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) starting at about 2:30 pm January 31, Thursday 6-10 pm CH 9: Capital Budgeting And Other Long-Run Decisions (Including Appendix A, B), and handout (online); Q 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Ex 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18 Case 9-2 Sergo Games** (Case clarification: use NPV analysis for each option; additional requirement: identify four qualitative considerations that would impact the decision) * Shank, J. and V.Guvindarajan, â€Å"Strategic Cost Analysis of Technological Investments,† Sloan Management Review, Fall 1992: 39-51. CH 10: Budgetary Planning And Control; Q 4, 7, 9, 10 Pr 3, 4 * Hope, Jeremy, and R. Fraser, â€Å"Who Needs Budgets? † Harvard Business Review, February, 2003: 108-115. Webliography** * Fisher, J, L. Maines, S. Peffer, and G. Sprinkle, â€Å"Using Budgets for Performance Evaluation: Effects of Resource Allocation and Horizontal Information Asymmetry on Budget Proposals, Budget Slack, and Performance,† The Accounting Review, Vol. 7, No. 4 October 2002: 847-865. Webliography. February 9, Saturday 9-5 pm Continuation of Chapter 10 discussion CH 11: Standard Costs and Variance Analysis (including the appendix) and supplement (online) Q 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 Ex 13 Pr 5, 15 Case: 11-1 Jackson Sound Case: 11-2 Champion Industries CH 12: Decentralization and Performance Evaluation (include the appendix on transfer pricing); Q 1, 2, 7, 9, 10 Ex 6, 7, 8, 10 Pr. 8 Case: 12-1 Home Value Stores * Lipe, M. G. and S.Salterio. â€Å"The Balanced Scorecard: Judgment Effects of Common and Unique Performance Measures,† The Accounting Review, July, 2000, 283-298. Webliography. * Ittner, C. , D. Larcker, and M. Meyer, â€Å"Subjectivity and the Weighing of Performance Measures: Evidence from a Balanced Scorecard† The Accounting Review, July, 2003, 725-758. Webliography. February 14, Thursday 6-10 pm Review as requested Final exam (chps. 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or chapters/material covered since the mid-term)

Roger Mcgough Poem Analysi

Roger McGough was a well-known British poet who has written a lot of poems about inequality, life and unfairness between social classes. I have chosen to discuss and compare the following poem â€Å"The Commission†, â€Å"Nooligan† and â€Å"Streemin† of Roger McGough. The three poems I have chosen are mainly written in the area of inequality of this world and the unfairness of social class. In â€Å"The Commission† Roger McGough has written the contrast of the different social class and the difference between the wealthy and the poor. In the poem he wrote â€Å"In this poem there is a table.Groaning with food. There is also a child, Groaning for lack of food† this clearly stated out the different between the wealthy and the poor. In â€Å"Nooligan† he criticises the use of violence and bullying in school, he used the following lines â€Å"I’m a Nooligan don’t give a toss, in our class I’m the boss† to tell to the audience that everyone is born equal, no one should be hurt or to be treated differently to others. In the poem â€Å"Streemin† Roger McGough again criticises the inequality between the different social classes by using â€Å"But all these divishns aren’t reely fair†.Roger McGough’s poem is always very relaxed and smooth, never intense. Most of the time he seems like he is talking to himself or into his own deep thinking. In â€Å"The Commission† he used rhyme over the whole poem, with the relax tone, he presented his theme of the inequality like he was telling the audience about one of his dreams. However he used rhyming in the poem â€Å"Nooligan† to create a sense of humours, describing a bully in school, he presents his idea nicely to audience while giving them some fun.The poem â€Å"Streemin† isn’t written in formal language, slangs and short forms are used, this give the audience an idea that the person isn’t real ly educated, which presents his purpose for this poem perfectly. After reading Roger McGough’s poem, I have learned a lot about life and this world. His poem told me that everybody are born in to this world equally and that no one should be treated like slaves, no matter of this social class, skin colour, culture background or the wealth and poor.He presented this to the audience through his poem â€Å"The commission† in the first 4 lines of the first stanza. In the 2nd stanza Roger McGough have written that there was a photographer draws â€Å"a little Asian girl, Naked, wide-eyed, pleading† he points out the unfairness in this world very clear and sharp with just one sentence. After reading and a little thinking of the poem, I feel really tempered about the unfairness in this world and even a little sadness, I think this was also what the poet felt while he wrote down this poem.From his poem â€Å"Nooligan† it teaches me that everyone should deserve hap piness in this world, because to be born into this world and determined that they are going to die sooner or later was not a child’s choice, it was not their choice to be born in to a violence family, it was not their fault that the parents are devoiced. Therefore I think that everyone who was born into this world deserves to have their own happiness and no one should have the power to take it away from them. Roger McGough was writing about the bullies in school in this poem, they hurt people.The rhyme used in this poem have turned mood very humorous and he used the humorous to present to the audience about the bullies in his eyes. â€Å"Streemin† was one of the shortest poems Roger McGough has written. He described the feelings of the lower social class with just a few sentences. In the last stanza he written â€Å"But all these divishns arnt reely fair look at the cemetery no Streemin there† presents his idea of how the lower social class look at this world. T hey have not been educated, but this does not make them less of a person.They think it’s not fair that they have to be treated differently to all the other people who live in this world just because they don’t like reading and can hardly write. After reading Roger McGough’s poem I feel like I have learned a lot about this society, good side and bad side. I would strongly recommend Roger McGough’s to a young adult, or people who are about to walk into this society, because his poem taught me a lot of things and this might benefit people in a lot of ways. And personally I really like his poems, like the way he presents his ideas and like his idea about this society

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